Film History Essays -- The Silent Era of Film

In the early years of narrative cinema there was little pressure on filmmakers for the ‘evolution of film forms before nickelodeons’ (Salt, 1990, pp31) as cinema neither became a mass nor high cultural product and was still a novelty but ‘Production companies’ profits were based principally on the sales of longer fiction films’ in the later years (Musser, 1990, pp256) so focus was made for the production of popular narratives so I will show how the early development of narrative evolved from trick films to complex narrative. I will analyse the short film Mary Jane’s Mishap (1903, Smith) and an extract from the seminal The Birth of a Nation (1915, D.W.Griffith). Mary Jane’s Mishap was made when ‘multi-scene films were becoming popular’ (Salt, 1990, pp32) It is notable for its use of experimental transitions. To ‘separate successive scenes’ (Salt, 1990, pp32) Smith used vertical wipes to transition to wider framed shot. This efficiently showed an ellipsis in time from the funeral to people visiting her grave. D.W.Griffith also used inventive shots but popularised them rather than inventing them, such as tracking shots adding pace the characters movement and the narrative. In the silent-era of film insert titles were important in explaining the narrative to the primitive viewer not well-versed in film, especially in films where the audience were not familiar with the story unlike ‘Porters The Night before Christmas‘(Musser, 1990, pp258). Griffith used insert titles which ‘changed around 1905 into summaries of the action’ (Burch, 1990, pp221) As the film had a ‘self-sufficient narrative’ (Burch, 1990, pp221) that ran for over three hours, with poor camera quality to recognise characters. But they were ‘systematically anticipating t... ...ows this film as being a transition between the early trick films and narrative cinema. The Birth of a Nation has evolved in ‘relation to the articulation between shots in term of space and time’ (Gunning, 1990, pp89) it is of the third and fourth cinà ©-genres. As the ‘multi-shot narrative’ of approximately three hours long is edited as to the ‘cut is de-emphazised’ (Gunning, 1990, pp89) and is placed in the ‘fourth genre’ as the plot is disrupted through parallel editing (Gunning, 1990, pp90). In conclusion, we can see in film narrative The Birth of a Nation has progressed from the trick film narrative of Mary Jane’s Mishap to being identified according to Gunning as being of the third genre, due to both profitability and popularity of realistic cinema Moving from being of theatrical proscenium to complex cinematography to tell a story suited for the screen.

Java Calendar Tutorial Essay

Introduction This tutorial is designed to provide you with an understanding of the Java Calendar class, it’s backgrounds, purpose and uses. It is created in such a manner as to allow even beginning Java programmers an understanding and feel for the uses of the Java Calendar class. The Java Calendar class was added to the Java Development Kit in JDK 1.1. It is designed to permit the conversion between a specific instance in time and a set of Calendar fields. (Oracle, 2004, 2010) What exactly does this mean? The Calendar class uses a huge array of tables to keep track of time based on daylight savings time, timezones, and calendar history, the calendar class uses a system time to determine where whatever event is being tracked falls on in the internal calendar tables. Some confusion is caused by this as Java does keep track of specific location time, and the programmer needs to keep this in mind when using the Calendar class even when it isn’t relevant to the problem being addressed ( Roedy Green, Canadian Mind Products, 1196-2011). How to use the Calendar Class The Calendar Class and it’s associated methods are used by three methods. The programmer can import the calendar class and whatever specific method or constructor they will use in their program by importing it as importjava.util.specificfunction; For instance, if the programmer wished to set the date within a program, but that was all that was needed, for instance no date specific math was needed as in a log file, then the programmer could use, importjava.util.Calendar.set; If the programmer needs to have greater functionality associated with the dates being used within a program the programmer should use the entire Calendar class. This takes up more space within a program, however provides a much simpler method of calling items from the Java Calendar class as all of it’s functionality is available to the entire program. This format would simply be, importjava.util.Calendar; Finally the programmer can call within the program any specific function required within the Calendar class by using a fully qualified name for the method being used, if the programmer wished to use the set function once within a program and that was all that was needed the programmer could simply use public void java.util.Calendar.set For ease of use of associated Java Calendar methods and constructs however it is generally recommended that the programmer use the import function and import the entire Calendar class. This provides for significantly less time coding, and less possibility of mistakes in typing out commands and code as less code is necessary. Melissa Robinsons Section Every so often a program wishes to know something about a date, such as what day of the week something took place or maybe you would like to know which of the 12 months have 30 days. This can be completed with the Calendar class within the java.util package. The very first thing that should be done is to import the package: import java.util.Calendar; The next thing to do is to get an instance of the Calendar class: Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance( ); Be aware that the constructor cannot directly be called upon with new Calendar( );, since it’s an abstract class. The next thing to do is set the date and time of what is wanted to know about certain things: cal.set(year,month,day); For the month parameter, January is 0, February is 1, March is 2, etc. The constants Calendar.MONTH can also be used. Each and every calendar has a set of boundaries that are automatically updated when the calendar is altered. The get ( ) method can access these and a set of constants that characterize a number of available fields. So it can be noted that some very precise things can be done with the calendar now. For example, the week of the year that a day falls on can be found by using: int week = cal.get(Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR) Or  For example. Use the getActualMaximum() to find the number of days in a  certain month: intdaysInMonth = cal.getActualMaximum(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH); Here are some fields that may be useful within the Calendar Class: * DAY_OF_WEEK – Returns the day of the week that a day falls on, 1 through 7 days. * DAY_OF_YEAR – Returns the number of days into the year that the date occurs * WEEK_OF_MONTH – Returns the week number in the current month where the date occurs * DAY_OF_MONTH – Returns the current day of the month Andrew McCutchan’s Section Examples of Calendar Class Use: Below are some typical examples of the usage of the java calendar class. /* Java Calendar Follow along with this example in a text editor to have java show todays date and time. */ import java.util.Calendar; public class JavaCalendar { public static void main (string[] args) { Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance() ; System.out.println(â€Å"Today is : † + cal.getTime() ) ; By following the formats for cal.get instances mentioned above, one can find the various dates, times, weeks, and months in current formats, or in predetermined periods. This method allows programmers to set specific time constraints when coding for specific results. End of Section Methods Within the Calendar Class There are many methods within the calendar class. Methods are used for querying, setting, and doing arithmetic on the various fields of the date and time. The most commonly used methods are: * add( ) * set( ) * roll( ) References 1. Oracle. (2004, 2010). java.util Class Calendar. Retrieved from http://download.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Calendar.html#set(int, int) 2. Roedy Green, Canadian Mind Products. (1196-2011). Calendar : Java Glossary. Retrieved from http://mindprod.com/jgloss/calendar.html

Danish Physician Hans Christian Gram Stain, Escherichia...

Gram Staining: Micrococcus leteus, Escherichia coli, and Unknown Colony Ethan Hinkle Microbiology Lab 3051, Section 001 Instructor: Harrison Taylor February 9, 2015 This report represents my individual effort. I did not receive or offer aid to anyone when performing this assignment, nor did I plagiarize any material. Signed: __________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION In 1884, Danish Physician Hans Christian Gram was in the process of developing a staining procedure that would potentially differentiate prokaryotic (mainly bacterial cells) and eukaryotic nuclei in tissue samples. However, Gram was not effective in developing the differential tissue stain, his derived work would serve as the most valuable differential stain in bacteriology, the Gram-stain (1). Moreover, it soon became clear that most bacteria could be catorgorized into two major groups based upon their response to the Gram-staining procedure. Gram-positive bacteria stained purple, whereas Gram-negative bacteria stained a pink-red (2). Complete structures of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells were not differentiable until the development of the transmission electron microscope. Gram-positive bacteria comprise of a singular, 20-80nm thick homogenous layer of peptidoglycan just outside the plasma membrane. In comparison, Gram-negative have two apparent layers: a 2-7nm thick peptidoglycan layer incased in a 7-8nm thick outer membrane. The most distinct